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Ngā Otinga Hanga Hanganga Rino Ritenga Utu-iti mō ngā Whare Arumoni
TONO
Ngā whare arumoni me ngā whare tūmatanui:Ngā anga maitai kua oti te hangae tuku ana i tētahi otinga hou, ngāwari hoki mō ngā hanganga arumoni, hei tauira, i roto i ngā poraka tari, i te hūpermakete hanganga maitai me ngā whare hākinakina.
Ngā Whare Putunga me ngā Pokapū Whakahaere Taonga:Mā ngā whare rino kua oti te hanga i mua i te hanga ka tere, ka whai hua hoki te hanga o ngā whare putunga me ngā whare tohatoha. Mā ngā wāhanga rerekē ka taea te hanga tere, ā, ka whakarato i te kaha me te manawanui.
Ngā Piriti me ngā Kaupapa HangangaHe whānuitia te whakamahinga o te maitai i roto i te hanganga opiriti hanganga maitai, ngā rori, me ngā hanganga pūngao nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i ngā hiahia hangarau uaua e pā ana ki te kaha, te tika, me te ngāwari ki te urutau.
NGĀ TAIPITOPITO O TE HUA
Ngā hua hanganga rino matua mō te hanganga piriti
1. Hanganga maitai matua Momo hūpāmakete
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hanganga Anga o te Kūaha | Whānuitanga: 12–60 m Teitei o te Matau: 6–15 m | He wāhi nui, kāore he pou, mō ngā whare putunga, ngā awheawhe, me ngā pokapū whakahaere taonga. | He hoahoa māmā engari he kaha; he tere te tāutanga; he iti te utu mō ngā whare ahumahi |
| Hanganga Anga Rino | Teitei: 1–20+ papa Whānuitanga: 6–30 m | Pūnaha kawe kawenga maha-papa e whakamahi ana i ngā kurupae me ngā pou; he pai mō ngā whare arumoni me ngā whare tari | He pakari rawa; he ngāwari te whakatakotoranga; he hototahi ki ngā pūnaha papa hiato |
| Hanganga Whakarewa | Whānuitanga: 15–120 m | He hanganga roa e tohatoha ana i ngā kawenga mā roto i ngā mema maitai tapatoru; he pai mō ngā papa tākaro me ngā pūnaha tuanui nui | Te pai o te kawenga; te whakamahinga rauemi kua arotauhia; he pai mō ngā tono whānui |
| Hanganga Anga Wāhi | Whānuitanga: 20–100 m | He pūnaha hanganga toru-ahu e whakarato ana i te pumau tino pai me te mahi mama | Te ōwehenga pakari-ki-taumaha teitei; ngā wāhanga whakarerekē; te ngāwari o te hoahoanga |
| Hanganga Rino Taumaha | Wāhanga Pou: Wāhanga H-kurupae / Wāhanga Pouaka Whānuitanga: 20–80 m | I hangaia mō ngā kawenga ahumahi taumaha, ngā kerēne, me te tautoko mīhini | Ngā wāhanga maitai matotoru; he kaha te kawe kawenga; he pai mō ngā tipu ahumahi |
2. Ngā hua pūnaha ārai (ātete ki te huarere + ārai-waikura)
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngā Pane Tuanui | Matotoru: 0.4–1.2 mm Rauemi: Pirau / Konumohe-Konutea / PPGI | E whakarato ana i te hipoki tuanui ātete-huarere me te tohatoha kawenga mō ngā whare maitai | He ātete nui ki te hau; he paninga ārai-waikura; he hoahoa māmā mō te tāutanga tere |
| Ngā Paewhiri Pakitara | Matotoru: 0.4–1.0 mm Momo: Whārangi kotahi / Paewhiri hanawiti | He ārai ā-waho mō ngā hanganga maitai ahumahi me te arumoni | Ngā kōwhiringa whakamahana wera; te mahi ātete-wai me te ātete-ahi; te pūnaha tāutanga modular |
| Ngā Purlin C me Z | C100–C300 / Z120–Z300 Matotoru: 1.5–3.0 mm | Tautoko ana i ngā panera tuanui me ngā pakitara; whakawhiti ana i ngā kawenga ki te anga maitai tuatahi | Rino hanga-makariri kaha-teitei; wero tika mō te huihuinga pūtu; whakapūmau kia roa |
| Pūnaha Tautoko | Ngā pae porowhita Φ12–Φ20 Koki maitai L50×5 – L100×8 | Ka whakarei ake i te pumau taha me te pakari hanganga; ka ātete ki te hau me ngā kaha rū whenua | Ngā hononga pūtu, hononga whakarewa rānei; te tohatoha kawenga kua whakapaitia; te maimoatanga mata ātete-waikura |
| Ngā Here me ngā Whitiki | H-kurupae / maitai hongere Ngā wāhanga ritenga e wātea ana | Ka whakapakari i te pumau o te whare whānui, ka hono hoki i ngā wāhanga matua o te hanganga | Ka whakapai ake i te pai o te whakawhiti kawenga; ka whakarite i te mahi hanganga mō te wā roa |
3. Te tautoko i ngā hua āwhina (te urutaunga hanga ā-rohe)
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Ngā Āhuatanga Hanganga |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngā Hononga Whānui | Ngā hononga maitai, rapa rānei Whānui: 50–200 mm | Ka tautoko i te whakawhānui wera me te nekehanga hanganga i roto i ngā whare maitai me ngā hanganga roa | Ngā rauemi pakari; te kaha nekehanga ngāwari; ngā kōwhiringa ātete-waikura e wātea ana |
| Ngā Ārai me ngā Ārai Haumaru | Ngā wāhanga hongere rino, ngā wāhanga ngongo rānei Teitei: 900–1200 mm | Ka whakarato i te tiakitanga haumaru mō ngā papaaho, ngā ara hikoi, me ngā hanganga maitai teitei | Whakaotinga kua pania, kua peitatia rānei; ātete kaha ki te pānga; tāutanga ā-pūrua |
| Ngā Arawhata Uru me ngā Papa Tiaki | Ngā arawhata kōwiri (Φ32–Φ50) Ngā papa (te maitai koki L50×5) | Ka taea te tirotiro me te tiaki haumaru i ngā hanganga maitai ahumahi | Hoahoa ātete-paheke; ngā kōwae māmā kua oti te hanga; he ngāwari te huihui ki te papaanga |
| Ngā Pūnaha Waikeri me te Whakahaere Wai | Paepae maitai (Φ12 pae) Ngā awaawa waikeri (Wāhanga-C 100×50–150×75) | Ka ārahi i te wai ua kia matara atu i te tuanui me ngā mata hanganga; ka ārai i te kohikohinga o te wai | He mata kōwiri, he mata pania rānei; he pakari i raro i te ua nui; he mea whakauru ki ngā pūnaha tuanui |
| Ngā Tautoko Rama me ngā Whaipainga | Ngā pou rino, ngā whāriki, ngā paepae taura | Tautoko i ngā pūnaha rama, ngā raina hiko, me ngā whakaurunga ratonga i roto i ngā whare maitai | Maimoatanga ārai-waikura kua pania i mua; hoahoa whakakapinga modular; hototahi ki ngā paerewa ahumahi |
TE TUKA I TE HANGANGA RINO
Te tapahi
Te Tapahi Plasma me te Mura mō te Pereti Rino Matotoru.
Mīhini Kutikuti Tika mō ngā Pereti Angiangi.
Ka whakamanahia te rahi tika me te tapa tapahi ma.
Te hanga
Te hanga matao, te hanga pēhi pēhi rānei i ngā purlin, ngā awaawa me ngā whakapaipai
Ngā mīhini hanga rōra mō ngā mema porowhita me ngā pou porowhita
Ka whakarite i te horapa hanganga me te pumau o ngā āhuatanga
Whakarewa
Ka whakamahia te whakarewa pewa ruku mō ngā kurupae-H me ngā pou taumaha.
Te whakarewa āwhata o ngā pereti me ngā hononga hanganga mā te ringaringa
Te whakarewanga i te hau CO₂ i runga i ngā wāhanga angiangi
Tirotiro Whakarewa ki te Whakapono Katoa ki te Pūmautanga o te Hanganga
Te Tukatuka Kōhao
Te keri CNC mō te whakataurite tika i te kōhao pūtu
Ngā mīhini perehi poka mō ngā wāhanga puranga iti
Mā te tūnga tino tika ka māmā te tāutanga ki te papaanga
Te Maimoatanga Mata
Te pupuhi pupuhi, te pupuhi onepu rānei hei tango i te waikura
Te huri i ngā whakarewa me te whakakanapa i ngā mata/ngā whakaotinga
Te whakawerawera i ngā pūtu me ngā wāhanga tautoko kia nui ake ai te ārai i te waikura
Hui Whakamātautau
Te hanga-mua o ngā pou, ngā kurupae me ngā pūnaha tautoko
Manatoko inenga me ngā taputapu ine ngaio
Te Wetewete InKine Whai muri i te tirotiro mō te tuku haumaru
TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU I TE HANGANGA RINO
| Momo Whakamātautau | Paerewa(ngā) | Kaupapa / Tuhipoka |
|---|---|---|
| Whakamātautau Kaha Mīhini me te Hanganga | ASTM A370, EN 10002 | E whakaū ana kua tutuki i ngā kurupae, ngā taura, me ngā whitiki te kaha kume me te mahi pikaunga e hiahiatia ana i raro i ngā kawenga pūmau me ngā kawenga hihiri. |
| Whakamātautau Pono o te Whakarewa | AWS D1.1, ISO 5817 | Ka aromatawai i te urunga o te whakarewa, te haere tonu, me ngā taumata hapa hei whakarite i te haumaru hanganga i ngā hononga nui. |
| Whakamātautau Ātete Tote / Ātete Waikura | ASTM B117, ISO 9227 | Aromatawai i te mahi ārai-waikura o ngā wāhanga kua pania me ngā wāhanga kua whakakikoruatia i raro i ngā taiao kaha. |
| Manatoko Piringa Paninga | ASTM D3359, ISO 2409 | Ka whakamātautau i te kaha o te piri i waenga i te papa maitai me ngā paninga tiaki hei ārai i te tihorenga, te wehenga rānei. |
| Whakamātautau UV me te Huarere Tere | ASTM G154, ISO 4892 | Ka whakatauira i te pānga roa o te rā hei aromatawai i te ātete ki te memeha, te tākai me te pirau o te mata. |
| Whakamātautau Makuku me te Huringa Wera | ASTM D2247 | Ka tirotiro i te pakari o te paninga i raro i ngā rerekētanga o te haumākū me te pāmahana tiketike. |
| Whakamātautau Ātete Pānga | ASTM D2794, ISO 6272 | Ka whakarite kia mau tonu te tika o ngā paparanga paninga i te wā e kawe ana, e tāuta ana hoki. |
| Tirotiro i te Tika o te Ahu me te Whakaritenga | EN 1090 | Ka manatoko kei te tutuki ngā wāhanga hanganga kua oti te hanga i ngā whakaritenga hoahoa mō te huihuinga tika. |
| Whakamātautau Ngenge me te Mahi Hihiri | ASTM E466, ISO 12107 | Ka ine i te ātete roa ki ngā āhuatanga wiri me te kawenga hurihuri. |
| Whakamātautau Mahi Pūtu me te Whakamau | ASTM F606, EN 14399 | E whakaū ana kua tutuki i ngā pūtu hanganga me ngā hononga ngā whakaritenga kaha kume me te utaina mua. |
TE MAIMOATANGA O TE PAPA
TE TĀKAI ME TE TUKU
Ngā Tūru me ngā Taura
He mea here ki te whitiki maitai taumaha me ngā poraka rakau whakapakari kia kore ai e puta he āhua paerewa. He mea tiaki ngā kokonga, he mea takai ki te ātete makuku, ā, he mea ārai waikura kia kore ai e huri te āhua o ngā wāhanga, e rakuraku, e waikura rānei i te wā e kawe ana.
Papa Piriti / Papa Tuanui me ngā Pātū
Kua pania ki te pahuka, ki te rakau rānei hei tiaki i ngā mata kua whakakikoruatia. Kua takaihia ki te kiriata tiaki ā-wai me te UV, he pai mō ngā kaipuke tawhiti me te moana.
Ngā Pou me ngā Kurupae
He rīpene kōpeke kua takaihia ki te papa me te hinu ārai waikura. Mā ngā taura hiki mārama me ngā tohu whakatakotoranga ka taea te whakahaere me te tāuta haumaru.
Te Whakapūmau, Ngā Pūtu me Ngā Punga
Kei roto i ngā pouaka rakau, i ngā ipu rino rānei, he ārai ātete wai. Kua tauhia ngā wāhanga, kua tohua ki ngā tae, ā, kua wehea hoki mā te wāhanga huihuinga hei whakahaere i te tāutanga ki te papaanga.
Te Waka me te Whakahaere
Ka tukuna mā te uta moana, ngā taraka papatahi, ngā ipu uta rānei. Mā te paihere ā-pūrua ka pai ake te whai huatanga o te uta, ā, ka whakarite kia haumaru te tuku ki ngā wāhi kaupapa.
HE AHA I WHIRIA AI Ā MĀTOU HANGANGA RINO?
Ngā Otinga Hangaia-RitengaKei a mātou ngā hoahoa piriti kua whakaritea katoatia, tae atu ki ngā whirihoranga o te poupou, te āwhata, me te poupou pouaka mō te whānuitanga, te kawenga, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te pae.
Ngā RauemiHe mea hanga ngā wāhanga maitai katoa i runga anō i ngā paerewa o te ao (ASTM, EN, AASHTO) ā, ka taea te whakakikorua ki te konukōre wera, te hanga rānei ki te maitai ā-huarere hei pupuri i te roa o te wā me te tiaki i te waikura.
Kounga Teitei i hangaia i te wheketereKa hangaia ngā waeine modular kua oti te hanga i mua i te TLC ki ngā paerewa tika, hei whakaiti i te wā huihuinga me ngā hapa tāutanga.
Pono me te Ātete ki te HuarereKua hangaia ngā piriti kia pakari i roto i ngā taiao pārūrū, i ngā hau nui, i ngā āhuatanga rū whenua, me ngā waka nui, kia roa ai te ora o ngā piriti.
Ratonga Kotahi-MutuKo mātou te kamupene piriti maitai ngaio rawa atu hei āwhina i a koe puta noa i te ao, mō te hoahoa, te hanga, te tākai, te tuku me te tautoko hangarau i te papaanga.
Tohungatanga o te AoNā te mea kua oti ā mātou kaupapa i Amerika Waenga me Amerika ki te Tonga me Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, he ao whānui ā mātou whakaaro i a mātou e aro atu ana ki ngā wero ahurei o te hanganga ā-rohe me ngā otinga e rite ana ki ngā hiahia o te rohe.
Ratonga Haumaru me te TereHe mama ngā wāhanga hei tuku mā te rangi kia tere ai te tuku, he pai te tākai mā te ārai-waikura, he pai te whakarite kia taea ai te kawe haumaru ahakoa ki ngā wāhi tawhiti, ki uta rānei.
Kua rite koe ki te tīmata i tō kaupapa?
Ngā Pātai Auau
Q1: He aha ngā momo piriti e whakaratohia ana e koe?
A:He piriti poupou, he āwhata, he piriti pouaka, me ngā piriti hīkoi/paihikara, he mea hanga motuhake.
Q2: He aha ngā paerewa e tutuki ana i ō wāhanga?
A:ASTM, EN, ISO, me AASHTO; e wātea ana te maitai whakapūmau wera-toia, te maitai whakawete rānei.
P3: He pai ngā piriti mō ngā rohe pārūrū me ngā rohe rū whenua?
A:Āe, i hangaia mō te hau nui, te rū whenua, me ngā āhuarangi pārūrū.
Q4: Me pēhea te tākai me te tuku i ngā wāhanga?
A:He paihere, he pouaka, he ārai hoki i te waikura; he tapanga mō te ngāwari o te huihui ki te papaanga.
Q5: Te roanga o te wā arahi?
A:8–20 wiki i runga i te hoahoa me te uauatanga; ka whakaitihia te wā tāutanga mā te hanga-mua i ngā mea hanga-ā-rua.
Tuhia tō karere ki konei ka tuku mai ki a mātou
