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Ngā Otinga Hanga Hanganga Rino Ritenga Utu-iti mō ngā Whare Arumoni
TONO
Ngā Piriti me ngā Kaupapa HangangaHe mea noa te hanga rino i roto i ngā whare opiriti hanganga maitai, ngā huarahi tere, me ngā hanganga pūngao nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakatutuki i ngā whakaritenga hangarau uaua me te kaha, te tika me te ngāwari.
Ngā wheketere ahumahi me te hanga peretiMahi taumahangā kurupae maitaipērā i te kurupae-H, te kurupae-I, te pereti maitai hei tautoko i ngā mahi ahumahi e pikau ana i ngā kawenga teitei. He tino pai ēnei mō ngā papa taputapu, ngā raina whakaputa me ngā papa wheketere.
Ngā Whare Putunga me ngā Pokapū Whakahaere Taonga: Hanganga maitai kua oti te hangaMā ngā whare ka taea te hanga tere, te hanga whai hua hoki i ngā whare putunga me ngā pokapū tohatoha. Mā ngā wāhanga whakarerekē ka taea te hanga tere, ā, ka roa hoki te ora.
Ngā whare arumoni me ngā whare tūmatanui:Ngā anga maitai kua oti te hangae tuku ana i tētahi otinga hou, ngāwari hoki mō ngā hanganga arumoni, hei tauira, i roto i ngā whare tari, i ngā pokapū hokohoko me ngā whare hākinakina.
NGĀ TAIPITOPITO O TE HUA
Ngā hua hanganga rino matua mō te hanganga piriti
1. Momo piriti hanganga maitai matua
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Te Urutaunga o Amerika Waenganui |
|---|---|---|---|
| Te Piriti o Truss | Whānuitanga: 15–120 m | E whakarato ana i te kaha kawe kawenga roa mā te whakamahi i ngā mema maitai e hono tahi ana; e tautoko ana i te haere o ngā waka, ngā hikoi, me ngā rerewē māmā | He hoahoa hononga ā-rū whenua me ngā pereti gusset kua whakapurua; he hanganga ā-whakamua mō te kawe ngāwari ake i ngā huarahi o uta; he paninga ātete-waikura mō te āhuarangi pārūrū |
| Piriti o te Āwhata | Whānuitanga: 20–150 m | Ka whakawhiti pai i ngā kawenga mā roto i te āhua o te āwhata; he mea tino pai mō ngā waka taumaha me ngā taiao ataahua o te tāone | He maitai kaha-teitei me te whakapūmau wera-tuku (Zn ≥ 85 μm); he peera whakarerekētanga mō te nekehanga rū whenua; he wāhanga māmā mō te tāutanga ki te wāhi mamao |
| Piriti Pouaka Whakairo | Whānuitanga: 10–100 m | Ka whakarato i te pakari hurihuri me te ātete piko teitei mō ngā tono huarahi me ngā huarahi teitei | Te wāhanga porowhita pouaka kua arotauhia mō te rū whenua; ngā hononga pūtu me te whakarewa kua hangaia hei ātete ki te rū whenua; ngā wāhanga kua oti te hanga i mua mō te kawe waka ki uta, he iti te utu. |
| Piriti Hīkoi/Pahikara | Whānuitanga: 5–50 m | He hanganga maitai māmā mō te ara haumaru mō te hunga hīkoi me te hunga eke paihikara | He maitai māmā me ngā papa papa ārai-paheke; he paninga ātete-waikura; he hoahoa whakakotahi tere e tika ana mō ngā āhuatanga o te rangi pārūrū |
2. Ngā hua pūnaha ārai (ātete ki te huarere + ārai-waikura)
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Te Urutaunga o Amerika Waenganui |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngā Pane Papa Tuanui | Ngā wāhanga C12×25 ki te C18×35, he mea whakarewa wera (Zn ≥ 85 μm) | Tautoko ana i ngā papa piriti rino me ngā panera tuanui tiaki; i hangaia mō ngā tere hau nui (taumata taipō 12) | He paninga ārai-waikura mō ngā āhuarangi pārūrū; he panera māmā mō te kawe waka ki uta, ā, he tere te huihui ki te papaanga |
| Ngā Paewhiri Pakitara Taha | Ngā kōtaha Z10×22 ki Z16×28 me te ātete ki te rehu tote >1000 hāora | He ārai ātete huarere mō ngā ara hīkoi me ngā ara tiaki | Te hauhautanga whakauru hei whakaiti i te hauhautanga; ātete ki te waikura mō ngā taiao wera me te makuku |
| Pūnaha Tautoko me te Ārai | Ngā pae maitai porowhita piauau (Φ14–Φ18) me te maitai koki L60×6 | Ka whakarei ake i te pumau taha; ka ātete ki ngā kawenga hau āwhiowhio me ngā pānga rū whenua | Ngā hononga pūtu/whakarewa kua arotauhia mō ngā rohe rū whenua; ātete ki te waikura mō ngā āhuatanga pārūrū |
3. Te tautoko i ngā hua āwhina (te urutaunga hanga ā-rohe)
| Momo Hua | Awhe Whakatakotoranga | Mahi Matua | Te Urutaunga o Amerika Waenganui |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ngā Hononga Whānui | Ngā hononga maitai, rapa rānei, whānui 50–200 mm | Ka tautoko i te whakawhānui me te whakaheke wera i roto i ngā whāriki piriti | He hoahoa ātete-ru me ngā rauemi ātete-waikura mō ngā āhuarangi makuku me ngā āhuarangi toropika |
| Ngā Ārai me ngā Ārai Haumaru | Te awa rinongā wāhanga ngongo rānei, teitei 900–1200 mm | Ka whakarato i te haumaru mō ngā waka me ngā kaihaerere; ka whakarei ake i te tiakitanga o ngā piriti | He paninga ātete-waikura me ngā whakaotinga ātete-UV; he mea hanga mō te nui o te ua me te pānga o te rehu tote |
| Ngā Arawhata me ngā Papa Uru Piriti | Ngā arawhata piauau (Φ32–Φ50) me ngā papa (te maitai koki L50×5) | Ka taea te tirotiro me te tiaki haumaru i te hanganga piriti | Ngā wāhanga māmā mō te tāutanga tere ki te papaanga; ātete ki te waikura mō ngā huarere pārūrū |
| Ngā Pūnaha Waikeri me te Whakahaere Wai | Ngā pae rino(Φ12 ngā pae) me ngā awaawa (wāhanga-C 100×50–150×75) | Ka ārahi i te wai ua kia matara atu i te papa o te piriti; ka ārai i te kohikohinga o te wai | He paninga whakarewa wera, he paninga peita rānei hei ārai i te haumākū me te ātete ki ngā awha pārūrū |
| Ngā Tautoko Rama me ngā Whaipainga | Ngā pou rino, ngā whāriki, me ngā paepae taura | Tautoko ana i te rama piriti, te tohu, me ngā raina ratonga | Kua pania ki mua hei ārai i te waikura; he mea hanga kia ngāwari te whakamau me te whakakapinga ā-pūrua ki ngā wāhi tawhiti |
TE TUKA I TE HANGANGA RINO
Te tapahi
Te tapahi ira me te mura mō ngā pereti maitai matotoru
Ngā mīhini kutikuti tika mō ngā pereti angiangi
Ka whakarite kia tika te rahi me te mata tapahi ma
Te hanga
Te piko makariri me te hanga pēhi pēhi mō ngā purlins, ngā taunga me ngā whakapaipai
Ngā mīhini hurihuri mō ngā mema porowhita me ngā tautoko porowhita
Ka pupuri i te horapa hanganga me te pumau o ngā āhuatanga
Whakarewa
Ka whakamahia te whakarewa pewa ruku mō ngā kurupae-H me ngā pou taumaha.
Ngā pereti hononga whakarewa ā-ringa me ngā hononga hanganga
Te whakarewanga hau CO₂ mō ngā wāhanga angiangi
Tirotiro Whakarewa ki te Whakapono Katoa ki te Pūmautanga o te Hanganga
Te Tukatuka Kōhao
Te keri CNC mō te whakarite tika i te kōhao pūtu
Ngā mīhini perehi poka mō ngā wāhanga iti
He tino tika te tūnga, ā, he ngāwari te tāutanga ki te papaanga.
Te Maimoatanga Mata
Te pupuhi pupuhi, te pupuhi onepu rānei hei tango i te waikura
Te huri i ngā whakarewa me te whakakanapa/whakaoti mata
Te whakawerawera wera o ngā pūtu me ngā wāhanga tautoko hei whakapakari i te tiaki i te waikura
Hui Whakamātautau
Te huihuinga o mua o ngā pou, ngā kurupae me ngā pūnaha tautoko
Te tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga mā te whakamahi i ngā taputapu ine ngaio
Wetewetehia a InKine i muri i te tirotiro mō te tuku haumaru
TE WHAKAMĀTAUTAU I TE HANGANGA RINO
| Momo Whakamātautau | Paerewa(ngā) | Kaupapa / Tuhipoka |
|---|---|---|
| Whakamātautau Utaina Hanganga | ASTM A370, EN 10002 | Kia mahara kia taea e ngā kurupae rino, ngā taura, me ngā piupiu te tu atu i ngā kawenga waka, a ngā waewae, me ngā kawenga piriti hihiri. |
| Tirotiro Kounga Whakarewa | AWS D1.1, ISO 5817 | Me whakarite kia tutuki ngā hononga whakarewa i ngā paerewa o te ao; he mea nui mō ngā hononga anga rakau me ngā hononga anga pouaka. |
| Ātete ki te Waikura (Rehu Tote / Kohu) | ASTM B117, ISO 9227 | Tiakina ngā wāhanga o te piriti rino i ngā āhuatanga takutai moana me te haumākū o te pārūrū; he pai mō ngā āhuarangi o Amerika Waenganui. |
| Whakamātautau Piripiri Paninga | ASTM D3359, ISO 2409 | Manatokohia te piri o te peita me te whakapūmau; ā, ka ārai i te tihorenga, i te wehewehe rānei i raro i te whānui/whakaiti wera. |
| Ātete UV me te Ātete Huarere | ASTM G154, ISO 4892 | Ārai i te memeha o te mata, te tākai kōrari, me te pirau i te pānga o te rā ki ngā mata maitai kua kitea. |
| Te Ātete ki te Makuku me te Wera | ASTM D2247 | Me whakarite kia ātete ngā paninga piriti ki te pupuhi me te ngatata i raro i ngā huringa haumākū me te pāmahana tiketike. |
| Whakamātautau Pānga me te Whakahaere | ASTM D2794, ISO 6272 | Ka whakamanahia te kounga o te paninga i te wā e kawe ana, e whakahaere ana, e huihui ana hoki i te papaanga. |
| Tirotiro i te Ahu me te Tika | ISO 8501, EN 1090 | Me whakarite kia tutuki ngā kurupae, ngā poupou me ngā anga tautoko i hangaia i mua, ki ngā āhuatanga hoahoa me ngā whakaritenga mō te whakaurunga maeneene. |
| Whakamātautau Ngenge me te Wiri | ASTM E466, ISO 12107 | Manatokohia te mahi mō te wā roa i raro i te wiri o ngā waka, ngā kawenga hau, me ngā ahotea hihiri. |
| Whakamātautau Hononga Punga me te Pūtu | ASTM F606, EN 14399 | Whakaūtia mēnā ka tutuki i ngā hononga pūtu, ngā hononga rū whenua, me ngā punga papa ngā whakaritenga haumaru me te kawenga. |
TE MAIMOATANGA O TE PAPA
TE TĀKAI ME TE TUKU
Ngā Tūru me ngā TauraHe mea here ki te maitai pakari, ā, he mea tautoko ki te anga rakau mō ngā āhua rerekē. Mā ngā parenga kokonga, te takai ārai-makuku me ngā paninga ārai-waikura ka kore e piko, e rakuraku, e waikura rānei i te haerenga.
Ngā Paewhiri Papa Piriti me ngā Paewhiri Tuanui / PakitaraKua pania ki te pahuka, ki te rakau rānei hei ārai i te mata whakarewa wera. Kua takaihia ki te kiriata ārai wai me te ārai UV, e tika ana mō te āhuarangi pārūrū, he pai mō te tuku mō te wā roa.
Ngā Pou me ngā KurupaeKua whakapurua ki roto i ngā pouaka, kua tāpirihia rānei ki te ātete ru, te takai kore waikura me ngā tapanga whakatakotoranga, e āhei ai te whakahaere haumaru, ko te tikanga me hiki ake e te kaiwhakamahi mutunga te mea rite tonu ki tāu i tākai ai. br brHanuere 8, 2016Ka ārai ngā parenga kokonga, te takai ārai-makuku, me ngā paninga aukati waikura i te konganuku piko, rakuraku, waikura rānei i te wā tuku me te kawe.
Ngā Wāhanga Āpiti (Whaia, Pūtu, Punga)I roto i ngā pouaka rakau, i ngā pūtu rino rānei me te parenga ā-wai. He mārama te tau o ngā wāhanga, ā, he wehewehea kia tere, kia ngāwari hoki te huihui ki te wāhi.
Te Waka me te WhakahaereTe whakamahi i ngā utanga moana, ngā taraka papatahi, ngā ipu uta rānei. Ka whakaritea ngā rahi o ngā wāhanga, ā, ka herea kia kore ai e hiahiatia he herenga whakahaere, tae atu ki ngā wāhi tawhiti, uta rānei, kia taea ai te tuku i ngā otinga haumaru, kua rite hoki ki te huihui ki tō wāhi mahi.
HE AHA I WHIRIA AI Ā MĀTOU HANGANGA RINO?
Ngā Otinga Hangaia-RitengaKei a mātou ngā hoahoa piriti kua whakaritea katoatia, tae atu ki ngā whirihoranga o te poupou, te āwhata, me te poupou pouaka mō te whānuitanga, te kawenga, me ngā āhuatanga motuhake o te pae.
Ngā RauemiHe mea hanga ngā wāhanga maitai katoa i runga anō i ngā paerewa o te ao (ASTM, EN, AASHTO) ā, ka taea te whakakikorua ki te konukōre wera, te hanga rānei ki te maitai ā-huarere hei pupuri i te roa o te wā me te tiaki i te waikura.
Kounga Teitei i hangaia i te wheketereKa hangaia ngā waeine modular kua oti te hanga i mua i te TLC ki ngā paerewa tika, hei whakaiti i te wā huihuinga me ngā hapa tāutanga.
Pono me te Ātete ki te HuarereKua hangaia ngā piriti kia pakari i roto i ngā taiao pārūrū, i ngā hau nui, i ngā āhuatanga rū whenua, me ngā waka nui, kia roa ai te ora o ngā piriti.
Ratonga Kotahi-MutuKo mātou te kamupene piriti maitai ngaio rawa atu hei āwhina i a koe puta noa i te ao, mō te hoahoa, te hanga, te tākai, te tuku me te tautoko hangarau i te papaanga.
Tohungatanga o te AoNā te mea kua oti ā mātou kaupapa i Amerika Waenga me Amerika ki te Tonga me Āhia ki te Tonga-mā-rāwhiti, he ao whānui ā mātou whakaaro i a mātou e aro atu ana ki ngā wero ahurei o te hanganga ā-rohe me ngā otinga e rite ana ki ngā hiahia o te rohe.
Ratonga Haumaru me te TereHe mama ngā wāhanga hei tuku mā te rangi kia tere ai te tuku, he pai te tākai mā te ārai-waikura, he pai te whakarite kia taea ai te kawe haumaru ahakoa ki ngā wāhi tawhiti, ki uta rānei.
Kua rite koe ki te tīmata i tō kaupapa?
Ngā Pātai Auau
Q1: He aha ngā momo piriti e whakaratohia ana e koe?
A:He piriti poupou, he āwhata, he piriti pouaka, me ngā piriti hīkoi/paihikara, he mea hanga motuhake.
Q2: He aha ngā paerewa e tutuki ana i ō wāhanga?
A:ASTM, EN, ISO, me AASHTO; e wātea ana te maitai whakapūmau wera-toia, te maitai whakawete rānei.
P3: He pai ngā piriti mō ngā rohe pārūrū me ngā rohe rū whenua?
A:Āe, i hangaia mō te hau nui, te rū whenua, me ngā āhuarangi pārūrū.
Q4: Me pēhea te tākai me te tuku i ngā wāhanga?
A:He paihere, he pouaka, he ārai hoki i te waikura; he tapanga mō te ngāwari o te huihui ki te papaanga.
Q5: Te roanga o te wā arahi?
A:8–20 wiki i runga i te hoahoa me te uauatanga; ka whakaitihia te wā tāutanga mā te hanga-mua i ngā mea hanga-ā-rua.
Wāhitau
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